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Objective:To investigate the dynamic prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in 2020, and to provide the basis for assessment of KBD control and elimination.Methods:According to the "Kashin-Beck Disease Monitoring Plan (2019 Edition)", collection of basic information of endemic areas and children KBD examination were executed in all endemic areas from every endemic county (city, district, banner) of 13 endemic provinces. All children aged 7 - 12 years in endemic areas underwent clinical examination, X-ray examination was performed for clinically positive children. According to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), KBD cases were diagnosed by both clinical examination and X-ray check.Results:In monitoring of 827 986 children of 7 - 12 years old, a total of 703 children with similar clinical signs of KBD were suspected positive cases. X-ray results showed that 703 children were normal, with no X-ray positive change, they were not children KBD cases.Conclusions:In 2020, no cases of Kashin-Beck disease are detected in children nationwide, and the condition of Kashin-Beck disease in children nationwide continues to be at a level of elimination.
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Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China through implementation of the 12th and the 13th Five-Year National Plans for Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases and the Three-Year Action Plan for Special Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases. Based on the latest monitoring data of endemic diseases and the evaluation results of the control and elimination of endemic diseases of the 13th Five-Year Plan, this paper analyzed current main problems in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China, focusing on implementation of prevention and control measures for iodine deficiency disorders, endemic fluorosis, and endemic arsenicosis, as well as the treatment and management of patients. Accordingly, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward from three aspects, including prevention and control mechanism, implementation of prevention and control measures, and scientific research, so as to provide scientific basis for the country and various regions to consolidate the achievements of prevention and control of endemic diseases and accurately implement the prevention and control measures of endemic diseases.
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In the past 10 years, remarkable progress has been made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China through implementation of the National Plan for Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases during the "12th Five Year Plan" and the "13th Five Year Plan" and the Three-year Action Plan for Tackling Key Problems in Prevention and Control of Endemic Diseases. Based on analysis of the monitoring data of endemic diseases in China for 10 consecutive years, this paper summarized the progress made in prevention and control of endemic diseases in China, discussed the main problems faced at present, and put forward key tasks of prevention and control of the diseases in the future.
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Objective:To investigate the oral medication treatment of adult patients with Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) in China, so as to provide theoretical basis for medication screening of KBD and to provide scientific guidance for clinical treatment of KBD.Methods:Based on the "Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Project of Special Funds for Local Public Health Subsidized by the Central Government" and "Major Public Health Service Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Project", the treatment information of adult patients with KBD in 11 provinces (autonomous regions, referred to as provinces) in China from 2006 to 2017 was collected, and the treatment coverage of adult patients with KBD in different years and regions was analyzed, and the curative effect of patients with different severity was evaluated.Results:From 2006 to 2017, the number of provinces participating in the treatment project was from 2 to 11. The actual total number of people treated in China was 68 061, with a completion rate of 78.10% (68 061/87 149); the annual number of people treated increased linearly; the overall clinical symptom remission rates of adult patients with KBD in all regions reached more than 50%, and the overall treatment effect showed an upward trend year by year; compared with patients with grade Ⅲ, after oral medication, the remission rates of clinical symptoms in patients with gradeⅠandⅡ were higher (the average remission rate of clinical symptoms was 84.13% for gradeⅠ, 80.71% for grade Ⅱ and 72.11% for grade Ⅲ, P < 0.05). Conclusions:Oral medication treatment can effectively alleviate the clinical symptoms of most adult patients with KBD of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Patients of grade Ⅲ should be considered treating with oral medication combined with other treatment methods. A considerable number of patients are still ineffective in taking drugs at this stage, and it is urgent to carry out the screening, research and development of specific medications for KBD.
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Objective:To master the status of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in 2019, to provide the basis for assessment of KBD control and elimination.Methods:Data of endemic areas basic information collection and children KBD examination were executed in all endemic villages from every endemic county (city, district, banner) of 13 endemic provinces. All children aged 7 - 12 years in endemic villages underwent clinical examination, and X-ray examination was performed for clinically positive children. When both the clinical examination and X-ray reexamination were positive, the diagnosis was KBD.Results:In monitoring of 823 365 7 - 12 years old children, a total of 3 057 children with similar clinical signs of KBD were suspected positive cases. The results of X-ray reexamination showed that the X-ray manifestations of 3 057 children were normal, and no X-ray positive changes were found, that is, there was no case of KBD in children. A total of 16 559 endemic villages in 13 endemic provinces were monitored, and all reached the criteria for KBD elimination. Surveillance of all endemic villages was completed except Tibet Autonomous Region, the KBD elimination rates of endemic villages were 100.00% in 12 endemic provinces and 99.01% (16 559/16 725) in all 13 endemic provinces.Conclusions:No children KBD case is detected in 2019, children KBD stays at its eliminating level throughout the country. And 100.00% endemic villages meet the criteria for KBD elimination in the remaining 12 endemic provinces except Tibet Autonomous Region.
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Objective To investigate the effects of fluoride exposure dose and exposure time on the expression of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in blood,liver,kidney and brain of rats;and to understand whether there is a difference in the effects of fluoride on DNA methylation levels in different tissues.Methods Eighty three-week old SPF male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups according to body weight [(82.34 ± 10.60) g],with 20 rats in each group.The rats of control group drank distilled water and the fluoride group's drank distilled water containing 25,50 and 100 mg/L of F ion,respectively.Rats were sacrificed after fed for 1 month and 3 months (n =10),and peripheral blood and tissue samples were collected.The incidence of dental fluorosis was observed in rats.Bone and urine fluoride content was detected by ion selective electrode method.The content of 5-mC in blood,liver,kidney and brain was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The independent and interactive effects of fluoride exposure dose and exposure time on 5-mC in rat peripheral blood and different tissues were analyzed by factorial design anova.Results After feeding for 1 month and 3 months,all rats in the fluoride group had dental fluorosis with different severities,while none dental fluorosis was found in the control groups.Fluoride exposure dose and exposure time had a main effect on bone fluoride contents [1 month:(324.985 + 127.094),(846.148 ± 331.861),(1 886.601 + 250.140),(2 420.971 + 135.883) mg/kg;3 months:(417.591 ± 88.324),(1 582.243 ± 347.975),(2 163.519 ± 614.932),(2 755.434 ± 265.370)mg/kg;F =96.692,13.077,P ＜ 0.01],respectively,but there was no interaction effect (F =2.013,P ＞ 0.05);fluoride exposure dose had a main effect on urinary fluoride contents (F =62.358,P ＜ 0.01),the exposure time had no effect on it (F =0.862,P ＞ 0.05),and there was no interaction effect (F =0.081,P ＞ 0.05).Fluoride exposure dose had a main effect on the 5-mC content in the blood (F =8.446,P ＜ 0.01),the exposure time had no effect on it (F =0.095,P ＞0.05),and there had an interaction effect (F =4.676,P ＜ 0.01).Fluoride exposure dose and exposure time had a main effect on the 5-mC content in the liver,respectively (F =4.737,7.064,P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05),and an interaction effect was exist (F =8.302,P ＜ 0.01).Fluoride exposure time had a main effect on the 5-mC content in the kidney (F =6.340,P ＜ 0.05),the exposure dose had no effect on it (F =0.140,P ＞ 0.05),and there was no interaction effect (F =1.269,P ＞ 0.05).Fluoride exposure dose and exposure time had no effect on 5-mC content in the brain (F =0.633,2.065,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Fluoride exposure dose and exposure time have the different effect on the levels of 5-mC in blood,liver,kidney and brain,suggesting that there may be differences in the effects of fluoride on DNA methylation levels in different tissues.
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Objective To investigate the effects of fluoride on protein oxidative damage in rat plasma by measuring oxidative stress levels,advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP).Methods Eighty SPF male 3-week-old Wistar rats weighing (82.34 ± 10.60) g were randomly divided into 4 groups,20 rats in each group.The control group drank distilled water,and the fluoride groups drank distilled water with fluoride concentrations of 25,50 and 100 mg/L,respectively.Rats were allowed to eat and drink freely,and they were sacrificed at 1 month and 3 month,respectively,and samples such as urine,femur and peripheral blood were collected for experiments.Fluoride contents in urine and bone were detected by ion selective electrode method,the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was detected by hydroxylamine method,malondialdehyde (MDA) content was detected by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method,and AGEs and AOPP contents were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results For 1 month and 3 months,compared urinary fluoride contents (mg/L:2.088 + 0.638,9.170 ± 2.865,20.094 ± 8.186,54.866 ± 2.866;2.202 ± 1.282,9.112 ± 2.364,21.854 ±8.325,52.513 ± 16.211),and bone fluoride contents (mg/kg:324.985 ± 127.094,846.148 ± 331.861,1 886.601 ±250.140,2 420.971 ± 135.883;417.591 ± 88.324,1 582.243 ± 347.975,2 163.519 ± 614.932,2 755.434 ±265.370) in control group and fluoride concentrations of 25,50 and 100 mg/L groups,the differences were statistically significant (F =88.379,29.225;87.440,33.998,P ＜ 0.05).For 1 month and 3 months,compared SOD activity (U/ml:32.469 ± 5.674,35.931 ± 2.262,36.746 ± 3.994,38.042 ± 4.632;31.027 ± 4.147,30.777 ±4.791,34.148 ± 1.755,36.585 ± 2.860) and AGEs contents (μg/L:26.977 ± 5.285,33.303 ± 6.226,28.021 ±5.946,34.117 ± 6.706;35.681 ± 3.802,33.651 ± 7.214,28.114 ± 4.660,24.330 ± 3.581) in control group and fluoride concentrations of 25,50 and 100 mg/L groups,the differences were statistically significant (F =2.896,5.780;3.565,10.195,P ＜ 0.05).By factorial design anova,there was an interaction between the exposure concentration and exposure time of fluorine and the content of AGEs (F =8.957,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Excessive fluoride can affect urinary,bone fluoride contents,SOD activity,AGEs content,suggesting that excessive fluoride may regulate protein expression through direct and indirect oxidative damage pathways,which leading to fluorosis.
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Endemic disease is a disease that often occurs in a specific geographical area.It is mainly distributed in the old,minority,border and poor areas in our country.It has been a main reason for poverty and repoverty caused by the disease in rural areas of China.The effectiveness of endemic disease control and prevention measures is directly related to achieve the great goal of poor people out of poverty in 2020.This article deeply analyzed the final evaluation results of the 12th Five-Year Plan for endemic diseases control and prevention and carefully analyzed the situation of endemic disease control and prevention of the state poverty counties.Compared with the overall situation,the targeted prevention advices for the state poverty counties are put forward.We hope that it may bring some beneficial help to targeted poverty alleviation.
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Objective To investigate the effect of fluoride on osteoclast in bone tissue of rats and its mechanism.Methods Twenty specific pathogen free male Wistar rats aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into two groups by weight (each group has 10).The rats of control group drink distilled water and treatment group drink distilled water containing 100 mg/L fluoride.The rats were fed for 3 month.The dental fluorosis in rats was observed.The ion selective electrode method was used to measure bone fluoride accumulation.The pathological changes of bone tissue in rats were observed under light microscope.The osteoclast was identified by tartrateresistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining.The calcineurin (CaN) activity of serum was measured by detection of free phosphate with malachite green.The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method was used to detect total protein concentration of serum.The colorimetry method was used to detect calcium and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum.The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect calmodulin (CaM) content.Results By the end of the experiment,none dental fluorosis was detected in control group,all rats in fluoride group had dental fluorosis.The bone fluoride content of rats in fluoride group [(4 460.671 ± 418.548) mg/kg] was about 7.6 times higher than that in control group [(582.534 ± 58.342) mg/kg,t =-29.020,P ＜ 0.01].Compared with the control group,the bone tissue of rats in fluoride group showed thicker bone trabecular,sclerotin fusion and incomplete mineralization.Positive signal intensity of TRAP staining of bone tissue in fluoride group was significantly higher than that in control group.The number of osteoclast formation in fluoride group [10 (5-12)] was significantly higher than that in control group [3 (2-4);U =92.5,P ＜ 0.01].CaN activity in serum of rats in fluoride group [(3.334 ± 0.654) nmol/mg prot] was significantly higher than that in control group [(1.289 ± 0.361) nmol/mg prot;t =-6.346,P ＜ 0.01].The Ca and CaM content of serum in rats were not significantly different between the two groups.However MDA content in fluoride group [(7.703 ± 2.954) μmol/L] was significantly higher than that in control group [(3.958 ± 1.965) μmol/L,t =-2.968,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Excessive fluoride may increase osteoclast formation in bone tissue of rats,and the mechanism might be fluoride stimulated CaN activity through oxidative stress pathway.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of fluorosis and related control measures on drinking water type of endemic fluorosis in China.Methods According to the national program"Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis",136 counties were selected in 29 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities.Three epidemic villages were randomly selected as fixed monitoring sites in each county.Dental fluorosis of all the children aged 8-12 living in the villages under the monitoring program,was identified under the ariteria from "Diagnosis of dental fluorosis"(WS/T 208-2011).Operating conditions and contents of fluoride in all the'water-improved projects' were investigated.Contents of fluoride in drinking water were tested in villages without the 'water-improved projects'."Standard Test Method for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.5-2006) was used to detect the water fluoride.Results The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis among children aged 8-12 in all the villages under monitor program,was 28.58％ (7 950/27 817),with the dental fluorosis index (DFI) as 0.58.Among them,the prevalence was 22.28％ (3 917/17 583) and DFI was 0.44 in the' water-improved projects' villages that under normal operation and with qualified fluoride contents.The prevalence appeared as 38.74％ (1 926/4 971) with DFI as 0.84 in those villages with 'water-improved projects' but mal-operated or with excessive fluoride.The prevalence was 40.03％ (2 107/5 263),and DFI was 0.81 in those villages without'water-improved projects'.The prevalence rates of dental fluorosis in children from the three types of endemic areas were significantly different.For 'water-improved projects',the normal opration rate was 93.77％ (286/305) and the qualification rate of fluoride content was 76.77％ (228/297).Conclusions Dental fluorosis in children living in the drinking-water-born endemic fluorosis areas was on the edge of epidemics in China.Effective improvement on the quality of drinking water can significantly reduce the severity of dental fluorosis in children.The rate of proper operation on 'water-improved projects' was near to 95％ in the endemic area.However,rate that met the criteria on qualified fluoride contents of these projects was still below 80％.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of fluorosis and related control measures on drinking water type of endemic fluorosis in China.Methods According to the national program"Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis",136 counties were selected in 29 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities.Three epidemic villages were randomly selected as fixed monitoring sites in each county.Dental fluorosis of all the children aged 8-12 living in the villages under the monitoring program,was identified under the ariteria from "Diagnosis of dental fluorosis"(WS/T 208-2011).Operating conditions and contents of fluoride in all the'water-improved projects' were investigated.Contents of fluoride in drinking water were tested in villages without the 'water-improved projects'."Standard Test Method for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750.5-2006) was used to detect the water fluoride.Results The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis among children aged 8-12 in all the villages under monitor program,was 28.58％ (7 950/27 817),with the dental fluorosis index (DFI) as 0.58.Among them,the prevalence was 22.28％ (3 917/17 583) and DFI was 0.44 in the' water-improved projects' villages that under normal operation and with qualified fluoride contents.The prevalence appeared as 38.74％ (1 926/4 971) with DFI as 0.84 in those villages with 'water-improved projects' but mal-operated or with excessive fluoride.The prevalence was 40.03％ (2 107/5 263),and DFI was 0.81 in those villages without'water-improved projects'.The prevalence rates of dental fluorosis in children from the three types of endemic areas were significantly different.For 'water-improved projects',the normal opration rate was 93.77％ (286/305) and the qualification rate of fluoride content was 76.77％ (228/297).Conclusions Dental fluorosis in children living in the drinking-water-born endemic fluorosis areas was on the edge of epidemics in China.Effective improvement on the quality of drinking water can significantly reduce the severity of dental fluorosis in children.The rate of proper operation on 'water-improved projects' was near to 95％ in the endemic area.However,rate that met the criteria on qualified fluoride contents of these projects was still below 80％.
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Objective To investigate the effects of excessive aluminum on osteoclastic formation and function in C57BL/6 mice.Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice (n =20) were randomized by weight and divided into control group and treatment group.The mice were assigned to distilled water and 270 mg/L aluminum ion,respectively.After the 15-week treatment period,the mice were euthanized by ether asphyxiation.Concentration of serum aluminum ion was determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP).TRAP+ cells in vivo were observed using histomorphometry and osteoclasts microstructure using electron microscope (TEM).Osteoclasts were induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) with bone marrow macrophages separated from femur and tibia.The expression of mRNA related with bone resorption was detected,including c-FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (c-Fos),nuclear factor of activated T-cells cl (NFATc1),c-nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (c-Src),dentrocyte expressed seven transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP),d2 isoform of vacuolar (H1) ATPase v0 domain (ATP6v0d2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).Results The data showed that the treatment group [(12.04 ± 0.21)mg/L] had significantly increased serum aluminum ion compared with the control group [(11.00 ± 0.04)mg/L,F =10.286,P ＜ 0.05].TRAP+ cells examination confirmed osteoclasts in treatment group [(31.39 ± 9.80) number] were significantly higher than those in the control group [(5.46 ± 4.15) number,F =9.344,P ＜ 0.05].A large proportion of osteoclasts in treatment group lacked ruffled borders and showed vacuolation degeneration.The expression of mRNA in treatment group was lower than that of the control group.The expression of mRNA in control group and treatment group was NFATcl (3.25 ± 0.93 vs.0.29 ± 0.18,F =11.602,P ＜ 0.05),c-Fos (0.86 ± 0.16 vs.0.16 ± 0.02,F =9.405,P ＜ 0.05),c-Src (8.82 ± 1.51 vs.2.29 ± 0.36,F =9.128,P ＜ 0.05),DC-STAMP (3.70 ± 0.70 vs.1.36 ± 0.57,F =10.298,P ＜ 0.05),ATP6v0d2 (15.60 ± 4.81 vs.1.39 ± 0.95,F =8.828,P ＜ 0.05),and MMP-9 (18.64 ± 7.62 vs.2.10 ± 0.92,F =9.356,P ＜ 0.05),respectively.Conclusions Aluminum can increase the number of osteoclasts under epiphyseal plate,but inhibits osteoclasts differentiation.This phenomena may be related with decreased expression of c-Src,DC-STAMP,c-Fos,NFATcl,ATP6v0d2 and MMP-9 mRNA which regulate the function of osteoclasts.
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Objective To investigate the implementation effects of control measures and the dynamic prevalence of drinking-water-borne endemic fluorosis,in order to provide a scientific basis for developing control measures against the disease.Methods According to the Surveillance Scheme of Drinking-Water-Borne Endemic Fluorosis,137 counties were selected as monitoring counties in national 27 provinces (autonomous regions,municipalities) and Xin Jiang Production and Construction Corps.Three epidemic villages were selected as fixed monitoring villages in each county.The operating condition and the fluoride level of water improvement projects were investigated in the villages with water improvement projects.The fluoride level of drinking water was tested in the villages without water improvement projects.The fluoride content in drinking water was detected by the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water (GB/T 5750.5-2006).The preyalence of dental fluorosis of all children aged 8-12 were surveyed,and dental fluorosis was diagnosed by Clinical Diagnostic Criteria of Dental Fluorosis (WS/T 208-2011).Results ①427 villages were surveyed in 2012,among which the villages with water improvement projects accounted for 75.88％ (324/427).② 299 water improvement projects were investigated.Normal operation rates of those were 89.30％ (267/299).The qualified rate of fluoride content was 75.78％ (219/289).Totally 103 villages without water improvement projects were monitored.Villages with fluoride level ＞ 1.2-2.0 mg/L,＞ 2.0-4.0 mg/L and ＞ 4.0 mg/L accounted for 48.54％ (50/103),29.13％ (30/103) and 9.71％ (10/103),respectively.(③The national detection rate of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index (CFI) in children aged 8-12 were 31.24％ (8 677/27 773) and 0.66.The detection rate and CFI of the villages with normal operation projects and the qualified fluoride content were 24.04％ (3 999/16 634) and 0.51.The detection rate and CFI of the villages with water improvement projects under abnormal operation or excessive fluoride were 40.77％ (1 654/4 057) and 0.91.The rate and CFI of the villages without water improvement projects were 42.70％ (3 024/7 082) and 0.86.Conclusions The rate of water improvement projects of the whole country is lower.The national normal operation rate of water defluoridation improvement projects is below 90％,and the qualified rate of fluoride content in drinking water is below 80％.The prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 8-12 is very mild.
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Objective To explore the inhibitory effect of integrin-linked kinase antisense oligonucleotide(ILK-ASODN)on cell proliferation in human ovarian cancer cell line(HO8910).Methods We transfected ILK-ASODN into HO8910 to block ILK gene expression.measured the expression levels of integirn-linked kinase(ILK)mRNA by RT-PCR and ILK protein by western-blotting;the inhibiting effects of the transfection on HO8910 proliferation,the cell cycles,and cell apoptosis were assessed by water soluble tetrazolium-1(WST-1)and flow cytometry(FCM).Results After transfection of ILK-ASODN,the expression levels of ILK mRNA decreased significantly in groups D,E,F being 0.307±0.011,0.198±0.008,0,respectively,when compared with those of the two control groups of A and B(P＜0.05).The expression levels of ILK protein of the groups D,E and F decreased significantly also,being 26.3 ± 0.8,20.6±0.4 and O,respectively.HO8910 cell proliferation was inhibited significantly,and the rates of apoptosis of the groups D,E and F increased significantly,being 7.31%,8.84%and 11.27%respectively.The cell population increased in G0/G1 phase of the groups D,E and F,being 49.25%,56.28%and 67.61%respectively.significantly different in comparison with those of groups of A and B (P＜0.01).Conclusions Transfection of ILK-ASODN into human ovarian cancer line inhibited cancer cell proliferation significantly.